The view of the clinical obstetrician in the caesarian vs. normal childbirth controversy / A visão do obstetra clínico na polêmica cesariana X parto normal

Obstetrics has not been indifferent to the profound socioeconomic and cultural changes, nor to the scientific technological achievements of the last decades. Obviously, it also had to adjust, adapt and evolve in relation to this new vision. Changes in the obstetric population have also occurred. Women have stopped getting pregnant in their nubility. They first seek professional and economic achievement and then think about childbearing. The number of elderly and late primigravidae has grown; often, from assisted reproduction. Pregnant women have conquered the right of being better assisted and the respect regarding their convictions. We have seen and read concerning the emphasis with which women, who desire a normal birth, receive support and encouragement. Whereas other women, convicted in their decision to receive their child through cesarean, do not receive the same consideration

A Obstetrícia não ficou indiferente às profundas mudanças socioeconômicas e culturais, nem às conquistas científicas tecnológicas das últimas décadas. Obviamente, que também teve de se ajustar, adaptar e evoluir em relação a esta nova visão. Ocorreram, outrossim, mudanças na população obstétrica. A mulher deixou de engravidar na nubilidade. Procura primeiro a realização profissional e econômica e depois pensa na prole. O número de primigestas idosas e tardias cresceu, muitas vezes, oriundo da reprodução assistida. A grávida conquistou o direto de ser melhor assistida e o respeito às suas convicções. Assistimos e lemos a ênfase com que se apoia e se estimula a resolução da mulher que deseja um parto normal. A outra, também convicta em sua decisão de receber o seu filho através da cesariana, não recebe a mesma consideração

Effectiveness of expectant management versus methotrexate in tubal ectopic pregnancy: a double-blind randomized trial.

PURPOSE: To compare the effectiveness of expectant management versus methotrexate in selected cases of tubal ectopic pregnancy. METHODS: A double-blind randomized trial included 23 selected patients with a confirmed diagnosis of tubal pregnancy who met the inclusion criteria (hemodynamic stability, initial serum ß-hCG concentration <2,000 mIU/mL, declining titers of ß-hCG 48 h prior to treatment, visible tubal pregnancy on transvaginal ultrasound, a tubal mass <5.0 cm and fertility desire). The patients were divided into two groups: 10 patients in the methotrexate group (MTX 50 mg/m(2) administered as a single intramuscular dose) and 13 patients in the placebo group (saline solution administered in a single intramuscular dose). Quantitative variables were expressed as means ± standard deviations and compared by Student's t test or Mann-Whitney test. Dichotomous variables (success/treatment failure) were presented as proportions and compared by the Fisher exact test. RESULTS: Successful treatment with negative titers of ß-hCG occurred in 9 cases (90.0%) of the methotrexate group and in 12 (92.3%) of the placebo group (p > 0.999). The ß-hCG values became undetectable at 22 ± 15.4 days in the methotrexate group and 20.6 ± 8.4 days in the placebo group (p = 0.80). CONCLUSION: This study showed no statistically significant difference between the treatment with methotrexate and placebo, with similar success rates and similar time interval for ß-hCG to become undetectable.

Histomorphometry and detection of glycosaminoglycans in the endocervical epithelium of pregnant rats after local administration of hyaluronidase.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to detect the presence of glycosaminoglycans and to investigate histomorphometric aspects of the endocervical epithelium in pregnant rats after local administration of hyaluronidase. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten pregnant rats were randomly distributed into two groups. On day 18 of pregnancy 1 mL of distilled water and 0.02 mL of hyaluronidase were administered to the control group (CG) and the study group (SG), respectively On day 20 the rats were sacrificed, followed by dissection and removal of the uterine cervix, which was prepared for histomorphometry (endocervical epithelium thickness and leucocyte infiltration) and for immunohistochemistry with alcian blue reaction and its respective blockers. The paired Student t test was used to compare the groups. RESULTS: The SG was characterized by reduced epithelial thickness (mean: 291.01 +/- 71.1 vs. 764.30 +/- 50.94; p < 0.0001) and a larger number of eosinophils (mean: 3.72 +/- 1.60 vs. 0.54 +/- 0.70; p < 0.0001). Alcian blue staining (pH 0.5) indicated a very strong reaction (3+) for the CG. With pH 2.5, the staining was also very intense (4+) in the CG. With methylation, both groups showed negative reactions after alcian blue staining (pH 2.5). With the methylation reaction followed by saponification and with enzymatic digestion of the lamina, staining showed a weak reaction (1+) in both groups. CONCLUSION: The SG presented with significant alterations related to the reduction of epithelial thickness and an increase in leucocyte infiltration. Furthermore, the use of hyaluronidase resulted in a significant decrease of the sulfated glycosaminoglycans.

Trophoblastic infiltration in tubal pregnancy evaluated by immunohistochemistry and correlation with variation of Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin.

Objective. To evaluate trophoblastic cell proliferation and angiogenesis in tubal pregnancy assessed by immunohistochemical study and their correlation with an average variation of ß -hCG in an interval of 48 hours before surgery. Methods. A prospective study was conducted on 18 patients with a diagnosis of tubal pregnancy. The patients were divided into two groups of ectopic pregnancy of which 11 showed rise of ß -hCG levels and 7 patients showed declining ß -hCG levels in an interval of 48 hours prior to surgery. Trophoblastic cell proliferation and angiogenesis were assessed by Ki-67 and VEGF, respectively. Trophoblastic cell proliferation was assessed by Ki-67 and was classified into three groups (grade I: less than 1/3 of stained nuclei, grade II: 1/3 to 2/3 of the stained nuclei, and grade III: more than 2/3 of the nuclei stained). The cases analyzed for VEGF were divided into three groups (grade I: less than 1/3 of the stained cytoplasm; grade II: 1/3 to 2/3 of the stained cytoplasm; grade III: more than 2/3 of the stained cytoplasm). Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square, ANOVA, and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results. The mean variation in the serum ß -hCG levels in 48 hours in tubal pregnancy patients correlated with trophoblastic cell proliferation assessed by Ki-67 and showed a decline of 13.46% in grade I, a rise of 45.99% in grade II, and ascension of 36.68% in grade III (P = 0.030). The average variation in the serum ß -hCG in 48 hours, where angiogenesis was evaluated by VEGF, showed a decline of 18.35% in grade I, a rise of 32.95% in grade II, and ascension of 37.55% in grade III (P = 0.047). Conclusions. Our observations showed a direct correlation of increased levels of serum ß -hCG in 48h period prior to surgery with higher trophoblastic cell proliferation assessed by Ki-67 and angiogenesis assessed by VEGF in tubal pregnancy.

Values of beta-human chorionic gonadotrofin as a risk factor for tubal pregnancy rupture evaluated by histopathology.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the depth of trophoblastic infiltration in tubal wall in ectopic pregnancy (EP) assessed by histopathology and their correlation with initial values of ß-hCG. METHODS: A prospective study including 27 patients with diagnosis of EP was realized. The tubal pregnancies were histologically classified according to the depth of infiltration of trophoblastic tissue on the wall of the tube (stage I: limited to mucosa; stage II: reaching the muscularis layer; stage III: complete infiltration of the tubal wall). The comparison between groups for numeric variables was performed by ANOVA. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was performed to obtain the cutoff value of ß-hCG associated with the degree of trophoblast invasion into the wall of the tube evaluated by histology. RESULTS: The mean ß-hCG in patients evaluated by histopathology as stage I + II was 2868 mIU/ml and stage III was 11 202 mIU/ml (p = 0.017). ß-hCG levels that best predicted for stage III was 2906 mIU/ml, with a sensitivity of 85.7% and a specificity of 69.2%. CONCLUSION: There is a direct correlation between serum ß-hCG and the depth of trophoblast infiltration of the tube wall at histopathology.

The expression of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans in the uterine cervix of albino rats after local hyaluronidase infusion.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the local effect of hyaluronidase injection on the expression of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans (PGs) in the extracellular matrix of the uterine cervix from pregnant albino rats. METHODS: Ten pregnant rats were divided into two groups on day 18 of pregnancy. The experimental group (Gexp) of rats received an intracervical infusion of 0.02 mL of hyaluronidase diluted to 1 mL with distilled water, whereas the control group (Gc) received 1 mL of distilled water. On day 20 of pregnancy, the pregnant rats were sacrificed and the uterine cervixes from all rats were then dissected. The qualitative expression of hyaluronic acid (HA) was assessed by immunohistochemistry and quantified by sandwich ELISA. To compare the quantitative GAG values between groups, a Student's t-test for independent samples was performed. PGs were also assessed by immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS: The electrophoretic profile of newly synthesized radioactively labeled GAGs degraded by specific enzymes showed that there were two predominant GAGs in both Gc and Gexp, i.e. heparan sulfate (HS) and a mixture of hondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS). The concentrations of GAGs showed a significant reduction of CS/DS (p < 0.004) and HS (p < 0.005) relative to Gc. HA staining was less intense in the lamina propria and area surrounding the blood vessels in Gexp compared to Gc. The HA contents were also significantly reduced (p < 0.012). CONCLUSIONS: Intracervical hyaluronidase infusion promoted a significant reduction in the concentration of sulfated GAGs as assessed by both qualitative (histochemical) and quantitative (fluorometric) measurements of HA.

Elementos da matriz extracelular da cérvice uterina e trabalho de parto prematuro / Elements of extracellular matrix from uterine cervix and premature labor

As taxas de prematuridade não atingem quedas significativas, mesmo em países desenvolvidos, alertando os pesquisadores a buscarem alternativas clínico-farmacológicas na prevenção desta enfermidade obstétrica. A matriz extracelular ocupa espaço relevante na maturação cervical, e seu entendimento é fundamental para possíveis ações preventivas. Destaca-se a provável correlação dos níveis locais de glicosaminoglicanos na prevenção do parto prematuro por inibir processos inflamatórios na cérvice uterina

The preterm delivery rates do not decrease significantly, even in developed countries, prompting researchers to seek pharmacological and clinical alternatives to prevent this obstetrics disorder. The extracellular matrix is important in cervical length, and its understanding is essential for possible preventive actions. We emphasize the probable correlation of the local levels of glycosaminoglycans to prevent premature labor by inhibiting inflammatory processes from uterine cervix

Repercussões da cicatriz uterina resultante de cesariana prévia na dopplervelocimetria das artérias uterinas entre 26 e 32 semanas / Repercussions of previous cesarean uterine scar at uterine arteries Doppler velocimetry between the 26th and 32nd gestational weeks

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as repercussões da cicatriz uterina na dopplervelocimetria das artérias uterinas, entre 26 e 32 semanas, em gestantes primíparas com uma cesariana prévia, considerando quando esta foi realizada fora (cesárea eletiva) ou durante o trabalho de parto. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo transversal em 45 gestantes, divididas em três grupos: 17 gestantes com cicatriz prévia resultante de cesariana eletiva (grupo A); 14 gestantes com uma cicatriz prévia oriunda de cesariana executada em trabalho de parto (grupo B); 14 gestantes cujo único parto anterior foi realizado por via vaginal (grupo C). A dopplervelocimetria das artérias uterinas foi realizada pela via abdominal. Foram calculados as médias, medianas e desvios-padrão (DP) para cada grupo em estudo. Em relação ao índice de pulsatilidade, a comparação dos grupos foi conduzida pelo teste não paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis. RESULTADOS: Os valores médios do índice de pulsatilidade no grupo A variaram de 0,60 a 1,60 (média: 0,90; DP: 0,29), no grupo B, de 0,53 a 1,43 (média: 0,87; DP: 0,24), e no grupo C, de 0,65 a 1,65 (média: 1,01; DP: 0,37); p = 0,6329. CONCLUSÃO: Não houve repercussões da cicatriz de cesariana prévia na dopplervelocimetria das artérias uterinas avaliadas de 26 a 32 semanas de gestação.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the possible repercussions of the previous cesarean scar at uterine arteries Doppler velocimetry between the 26th and 32nd gestational weeks. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective cross-sectional study including 45 women between 11 and 14 weeks of gestation, divided into three groups: 17 pregnant women with uterine scar resulting from a previous elective cesarean section (group A); 14 with uterine scar resulting from a previous cesarean section performed during labor (group B); and 14 pregnant women with a single previous vaginal delivery (group C). Uterine arteries Doppler velocimetry was performed with transabdominal approach. Means, medians and standard deviation (SD) were calculated for each group in the study. The groups comparison regarding pulsatility index was performed with the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS: In group A, the pulsatility index ranged from 0.60 to 1.60 (mean: 0.90; SD: 0.29), in group B, from 0.53 to 1.43 (mean: 0.87; SD: 0.24), and in group C, from 0.65 to 1.65 (mean: 1.01; SD: 0.37); with p = 0.6329. CONCLUSION: No repercussion of previous cesarean scar was observed at uterine arteries Doppler velocimetry performed in the period between the 26th and 32nd gestational weeks.

Gravidez ectópica cervical com embrião vivo: o uso do metotrexato é eficiente? / Cervical ectopic pregnancy with alive embryo: the use of methotrexate is effective?

A gravidez ectópica cervical é tida como de localização excepcional, representando menos de 1% das implantações ectópicas. Embora rara, constitui patologia obstétrica de elevada gravidade. Sua letalidade, no passado, atingia índices assustadores. Estabelecido o diagnóstico, a conduta clássica era a histerectomia total, pois o sangramento intravaginal oriundo do canal cervical era frequentemente mortal, diante de tentativas de tratamento conservador por curetagem e/ou sutura local, sobretudo em nulíparas, desejosas de manter a fertilidade. Mais recentemente, tem sido proposto o uso do metotrexato por via local e/ou sistêmica, por vezes associado a técnicas de ligadura e embolização arterial, como forma de evitar a cirurgia mutiladora. Este trabalho teve como objetivo buscar evidências científicas na literatura que possam avaliar a eficácia do tratamento dessas pacientes utilizando o metotrexato.

The cervical ectopic pregnancy is considered of exceptional location, less than 1% of ectopic implantations. Although rare, is extremely serious obstetric pathology. Lethality in the past, reached frightening levels. After the diagnosis, the procedure was the classic radical hysterectomy, because the bleeding originated from intravaginal cervical canal was often fatal before the attempts of conservative treatment by curettage and/or suture, especially in nulliparous women desiring to maintain fertility. More recently, it has been suggested the use of methotrexate by local and/or systemic way, frequently associated with techniques of ligation and arterial embolization, in order to avoid mutilating surgery. This study aimed to look for evidence in the scientific literature to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment of these patients using methotrexate.

Escolha da melhor via de parto para o feto prematuro em apresentação cefálica / Choice of the best mode of delivery for the preterm fetus in cephalic presentation

A prematuridade é um dos maiores problemas da obstetrícia contemporânea. Possui etiologia multifatorial e sua incidência se mantém elevada em todo o mundo apesar das propostas terapêuticas e assistenciais. A escolha da melhor via de parto para o nascituro pré-termo é um dos aspectos fundamentais para a obtenção de melhores resultados neonatais. O objetivo desta revisão foi avaliar a escolha da melhor via de parto para o feto prematuro em apresentação cefálica. Artigos observacionais e de revisão sistemática mostraram-se polêmicos, suferindo a necessidade de novos estudos com metodologia prospectiva. Concluímos que a cesariana não deve ser recomendada como estratégia benéfica rotineira para esses fetos com vistas a diminuir morbidade e mortalidade neonatais na ausência de outras indicações obstétricas para a realização do parto por via alta.

Prematuriry is one of the biggest problems of the contemporary obstetrics. It has multifactor etiology and its incidence remains high incidence all over the world despite proposals of assistance and therapeutics. Choosing the best mode of delivery for the premature infant is a fundamental aspect to reach the best neonatal results. The objective of this review was to evaluate the choice of the best mode of delivery for the preterm vertex fetuses. Observational articles and systematic reviews proved to be con troversial, suggesting the need for further studies using prospective methodology. We have come to the conclusion that cesarean section should not be recommended as routine beneficial strategy for these fetuses, aiming at reducing neonatal morbidity and mortality, in the absence of other obstetric indications for this mode of delivery.

Analgesia e anestesia durante o trabalho de parto / Analgesia and anesthesia during the labor

O trabalho de parto gera alterações fisiológicas que podem comprometer o binômio materno-fetal, principalmente devido às modificações neuroendócrinas inerentes à fase ativa da cervicodilatação. A analgesia de parto tem sido proposta e empregada como forma de melhorar a assistência oferecida durante a parturição. O nosso objetivo foi revisar a literatura a respeito dos métodos de analgesia e anestesia mais comumente empregados durante o trabalho de parto, observando seus riscos e benefícios, bem como o momento ideal de sua indicação. Observamos que o advento de técnicas anestésicas modernas, com adição de opioides ao anestésico local, pode gerar parto conduzido sem dor e com mínimos efeitos colaterais. O uso seguro dessas técnicas pode ser benéfico na assistência humanizada ao parto, melhor qualificando o serviço.

Labor generates physiological alterations that may compromise the mother-fetus binomial, mainly due to the neuroendocrine changes inherent to the active phase of cervical dilation. The labor analgesia has been proposed and used as a way to improve assistance ofered during parturition. Our goal was to review literature regarding most commonly analgesia and anesthetic methods used during labor, observing their risks and benefits, as well as the ideal moment of their prescription. We have observed that the coming of modern anesthetic methods, with opioids added to the local anesthetic, can produce painless labor with minimal collateral effects. The safe use of these techniques can be beneficial in the labor humanized assistance, thus improving the service.

Association study of vascular endothelial growth factor and polymorphisms of its gene with ectopic pregnancy.

PROBLEM: In ectopic pregnancy, increased levels of vascular endothelial growth factor are present. The aims of this study were to determine the association between -634C/G, -460T/C, and +936C/T vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) polymorphisms and ectopic pregnancy, and to determine whether serum levels of VEGF were affected by genetic factors. METHOD: of study This is a case-control study wherein 74 women with a history of ectopic pregnancy in a tertiary care center were compared to 134 post-menopausal controls with two pregnancies and no ectopic pregnancy for the genotyping of VEGF polymorphisms. For 35 patients with the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy, serum concentrations of VEGF were obtained before the treatment. Genotyping of VEGF (-634C/G, -460T/C, and +936C/T) polymorphisms was performed by PCR, followed by endonuclease digestion. ELISA was performed to evaluate the VEGF serum levels. RESULTS: The -634C/G, -460T/C, and +936C/T VEGF polymorphisms were not associated with ectopic pregnancy (P = 0.170, P = 0.285, and P = 0.700, respectively). The serum levels of VEGF were not associated with the genotype of -634C/G, -460T/C, and +936C/T VEGF polymorphisms (P = 0.702; P = 0.347, and P = 0.256, respectively). CONCLUSION: There was no association between ectopic pregnancy and -634C/G, -460T/C, and +936C/T VEGF polymorphisms. There was no correlation between VEGF genotype and the expression of VEGF in blood samples.

Estudo da cicatriz uterina de cesariana avaliada pelo histograma escala-cinza / Cesarean uterine scar evaluation by the grey-level histogram

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a cicatriz uterina pelo histograma escala-cinza (HEC) em gestantes primíparas com uma cesariana prévia, considerando quando esta foi realizada fora do trabalho de parto (cesárea eletiva) ou durante o trabalho de parto. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo prospectivo em 40 gestantes, entre 11 e 14 semanas, que foram divididas em três grupos: 15 gestantes com uma cicatriz prévia resultante de cesariana eletiva (grupo A); 9 gestantes com uma cicatriz prévia oriunda de cesariana executada em trabalho de parto (grupo B); 16 gestantes cujo único parto anterior foi realizado por via vaginal (grupo C). As gestantes foram examinadas com ultrassonografia transvaginal, obtendo-se a imagem correspondente à sombra formada pela cicatriz uterina nos grupos A e B. No grupo C, optou-se por realizar o HEC na região do istmo uterino. Após a captura da imagem, foi delimitada a região de interesse (ROI) e ativada a opção histogram, obtendo-se automaticamente a sua representação gráfica. Foram calculadas as médias, medianas e desvios padrão (DP) para cada grupo em estudo. A média dos valores dos histogramas do grupo controle serviu como parâmetro de normalidade a ser comparado com os outros grupos. Para se comparar as médias dos três grupos, utilizou-se o teste de ANOVA. O valor de (p) < 0.05 foi considerado estatisticamente significante. RESULTADOS: O HEC do grupo A variou de 7 a 40,5 (média: 24,9 e DP: 11,2), no grupo B de 23,1 a 47,2 (média: 34,1 e DP: 9,6) e no grupo C de 21,6 a 58,8 (média: 40,3 e DP: 11,3). CONCLUSÃO: Houve significativa diferença do HEC na região da cicatriz uterina de cesárea prévia, quando esta foi realizada eletivamente e quando foi feita na vigência do trabalho de parto, sugerindo maior alteração tecidual na cesariana eletiva.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the Cesarean uterine scar by the grey-level histogram (GLH) in women with a previous Cesarean section, performed either during labor or before labor (elective Cesarean). METHODS: A prospective study was conducted with 40 women between 11 and 14 weeks of gestation, who were allocated to three groups: 15 pregnant women with a previous elective Cesarean (group A); 9 with a previous Cesarean section performed during labor (group B); and 16 with a single previous vaginal delivery (group C). The pregnant women were examined by transvaginal ultrasound, to obtain an image corresponding to the "shadow" formed by the uterine scar in groups A and B. In group C GLH was accomplished in the region of the uterine isthmus. After capture of the image, the region-of-interest (ROI) was delimited and the option "histogram" was activated, to automatically obtain graphic representation. The mean, median and standard deviation (SD) were calculated. for each group under study Mean values of the control group histograms were used as the normality parameter for comparison with the other groups. To compare averages of the three groups, the ANOVA test was used. A (p) value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: GLH in group A varied from 7.0 to 40.5 (mean: 24.9 and DP: 11.2), in group B from 23,1 to 47.2 (mean: 34,. and DP: 9.6) and in group C from 21.6 to 58.8 (mean: 40.3 and DP: 11.3). CONCLUSION: There was a significant difference of GLH in the region of the uterine scar of previous Cesareans, when it was elective and when performed during labor, suggesting a larger tissue change in the elective Cesarean.

Estudo da morfologia vascular do leito placentário na hipertensão arterial crônica / Morphology of the vascular placental bed in chronic arterial hypertension

OBJETIVO: Analisar os padrões histopatológicos das artérias do leito placentário em gestações complicadas por hipertensão arterial crônica (HAC) comparando-os com o de grávidas normais. MÉTODOS: Biópsias de leito placentário, segundo técnica de Robertson et al.1, foram realizadas em pacientes com idade gestacional igual ou superior a 28 semanas, submetidas a cesárea, após a dequitação. O grupo controle (GC) foi composto por 25 pacientes normais e o grupo de estudo composto por 13 pacientes com HAC leve (HL), 11 pacientes com HAC moderada (HM) e 11 pacientes com HAC grave (HG). As classes de hipertensão foram consideradas leve (PAD 90 - 100 mmHg), moderada (PAD 100 - 110 mmHg) e grave (PAD3 > 110mmHg). Os padrões histológicos das artérias espiraladas foram classificados em: padrão inalterado, modificações fisiológicas, desorganização da camada média, alterações hiperplásicas, necrose e aterose aguda. RESULTADOS: 1) Os achados anormais foram predominantes no grupo de hipertensas, sendo mais freqüente nos grupos HM e HG. 2) O achado anormal mais prevalente foi a desorganização da camada média, com distribuição semelhante nos grupos HM e HG. 3) Os padrões normais ocorreram nos grupos GC e HL, com distribuição semelhante entre si.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze histopathological patterns of placental bed arteries in pregnancies complicated by chronic arterial hypertension. Alterations were considered according to clinical classification of the hypertensive disorders as mild (MG); moderate (MoG) and severe (SG) for comparison with uncomplicated pregnancies, control group (CG). METHODS: Placental bed biopsy was performed in 60 pregnant women; the study group was comprised of pregnant women with hypertension, subdivided in 13 with severe chronic hypertension (CH), 11 with moderate CH and 11 with mild CH, and results were compared to 25 placental bed biopsies from uncomplicated pregnancies. All the pregnant women had a gestational age of at least 28 weeks of gestation with a live fetus and were submitted to cesarean section. Hypertension was considered mild with diastolic blood pressure (DBP) 90 I? 100 mmHg, moderate DBP 100 I? 110 mmHg and severe DBP = 110 mmHg. Placental bed variables selected for histological analysis were: unaltered patterns, physiological changes, medial layer disorganization, medial and intimal hyperplasic changes, acute necrosis and atherosis. RESULTS: In cases with SG and MoG there was predominance of abnormal histophysiological findings: medial layer disorganization and hyperplasic changes, with a statistically significant difference when compared to MG and CG. Alteration in the medial layer was observed in these cases. The normal pattern, unaltered patterns and physiologic changes were more frequent in CG and MG. Physiological changes were the most usual finding, further, there was no acute necrosis or atherosis. CONCLUSION: 1. Abnormal histophysiological findings were predominant in hypertensive pregnant women compared to the normotensive ones; 2. These patterns were more frequent, according to the severity of the hypertensive disorders: Severe, Moderate and Mild; 3. More significant abnormal findings were a change in the medial layer, mainly in...

Intervalos de referência do pico de velocidade sistólica da artéria cerebral média fetal na população brasileira / Nomogram of fetal middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity in a Brazilian population", "_i": "en

OBJETIVO: Determinar uma curva de referência baseada em múltiplos da mediana para o pico de velocidadesistólica da artéria cerebral média fetal. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Realizou-se estudo de corte transversal com 143 gestantes normais entre 23 e 35 semanas. Realizou-se varredura bidimensional em corte axial docrânio fetal, incluindo os tálamos e o septo pelúcido, e em seguida acionou-se o modo color Doppler, visualizando-se a artéria cerebral média. O Doppler pulsátil foi disposto próximo à origem deste vaso, utilizando-se ângulo de insonação de menos de 20º. Para avaliar a correlação do pico de velocidade sistólica da artéria cerebral média com a idade gestacional, utilizou-se o coeficiente de correlação de Person (r). Por meio de modelos de regressão, construiu-se uma tabela de múltiplos da mediana para o pico de velocidade sistólica da artéria cerebral média em cada idade gestacional avaliada, e adicionalmente determinaram-se valores de referência para essa variável. RESULTADOS: Observou-se forte correlação entre o pico de velocidade sistólica da artéria cerebral média e a idade gestacional (r = 0,70; p = 0,001). Determinaram-se valores do pico de velocidade sistólica da artéria cerebral média para os seguintes múltiplos da mediana: 1,0; 1,29; 1,5;1,55. Determinaram-se os percentis 2,5 e 97,5 para o pico de velocidade sistólica da artéria cerebral média,variando de 24,33 cm²/s a 78,36 cm²/s. CONCLUSÃO: Um nomograma do pico de velocidade sistólica da artéria cerebral média fetal foi determinado.

OBJECTIVE: To determine a reference curve for the peak systolic velocity of fetal middle cerebral artery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors developed a cross-sectional study with 143 healthy pregnant women between the 23rd and 35th gestational weeks. A bidimensional axial scan of the fetal skull wasperformed, including the thalami and pellucid septum. Subsequently, the middle cerebral artery was visualizedwith the color Doppler mode. The pulsed-wave Doppler transducer was positioned over the origin of this vessel, at < 20º insonation angle. The correlation between the peak systolic velocity of the middle cerebral artery and gestational age was evaluated by means of the Pearson's correlation coefficient (r). Regression models were utilized in the construction of a table with multiples of the medians of the middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity for each gestational age. Additionally, reference values for this variable were determined. RESULTS: A strong correlation was observed between the middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity and gestational age (r = 0.70; p < 0.001). Values of middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity were calculated for the following multiples of the medians: 1.0, 1.29, 1.5, 1.55. The 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles were determined for the middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity ranging between 24.33 cm²/s and 78.36 cm²/s. CONCLUSION: A nomogram for the fetal middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity during the second half of pregnancy was generated.

Alterações histoquímicas das glicosaminoglicanas na cérvice uterina no final da prenhez da rata albina após ministração local de hialuronidase / Histochemical changes of the glycosaminoglycans in the uterine cervix of pregnant rats after local injection of hyaluronidase

OBJETIVO: estudar as alterações histoquímicas relacionadas às glicosaminoglicanas da cérvice uterina da rata albina, após ministração local de hialuronidase no final da prenhez. MÉTODOS: dez ratas com teste de prenhez positivo foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em dois grupos, numericamente iguais. O Grupo Controle (Gc) foi constituído pelas ratas que receberam 1 mL de água destilada, dose única, no 18° dia da prenhez, sob anestesia, ministrado na cérvice uterina. O Grupo Experimental (Gex) constou de ratas que receberam, sob as mesmas condições do Gc, 0,02 mL de hialuronidase, diluído em 0,98 mL de água destilada (total de 1 mL). No 20° dia de prenhez, as ratas foram novamente anestesiadas e submetidas à dissecção, preparando-se a cérvice uterina para estudo histoquímico com coloração de alcian blue e seus bloqueios (pH=0,5, pH=2,5, metilação e saponificação). RESULTADOS: verificou-se na lâmina própria no Gc, reação fortemente positiva (+3) e, no Gex, reação negativa, na coloração de alcian blue no pH=0,5. Em pH=2,5 a coloração também se apresentou fortemente positiva (+4) no Gc e fracamente positiva (+1) no Gex. Após metilação, tanto o Gc quanto o Gex mostraram reação negativa após coloração de alcian blue no pH=2,5. Com a reação de metilação seguida de saponificação e na digestão enzimática em lâmina, a coloração da lâmina própria se mostrou negativa em ambos os grupos. CONCLUSÕES: há uma nítida predominância de glicosaminoglicanas sulfatadas no Gc em relação ao Gex e uma tênue quantidade de glicosaminoglicanas carboxiladas identificadas no Gex. As modificações evidenciadas na matriz extracelular sugerem que a hialuronidase injetada localmente na cérvix uterina promoveu alterações bioquímicas compatíveis com maturação cervical.

PURPOSE: to study the histochemical changes related to the uterine cervix glycosaminoglycan of the albino female rat, after local ministration of hyaluronidases at the end of pregnancy. METHODS: ten female rats with positive pregnancy tests were randomly distributed in two numerically equal groups. The control group (Cg) was built up with rats that received a single dose of 1 mL of distilled water in the uterine cervix, under anesthesia, at the 18th pregnancy day. In the experimental group (Exg), the rats received 0.02 mL of hyaluronidase, diluted in 0.98 mL of distilled water (1 mL as a total), under the same conditions as the Cg. At the 20th pregnancy day, the rats were anesthetized once again and submitted to dissection, and the cervix prepared for histochemical study with alcian blue dye and its blockades (pH=0.5, pH=2.5, methylation and saponification). RESULTS: strongly positive reaction in the lamina propria (+3) has been seen in the Cg, and negative reaction in the Exg, with pH=0.5 alcian blue staining. With pH=2.5, staining has also been strongly positive (+4) in the Cg, and weakly positive (+1) in the Exg slide. After methylation, both groups have shown negative reaction, with pH=2.5 alcian blue staining. The lamina propria staining became negative after methylation in both groups, followed by saponification and enzymatic digestion on slide. CONCLUSIONS: there is clear predominance of sulphated glycosaminoglycans in the Cg as compared to the Exg and a small amount of identified carboxylated glycosaminoglycans in the Exg. The changes evidenced in the extracellular matrix have suggested that the hyaluronidase injected in the uterine cervix has promoted biochemical changes compatible with cervix maturation.

A polêmica da histerorrafia na operação cesariana / The polemic of hysterorraphy on caesarean section

A histerorrafia no parto cesáreo constitui tempo cirúrgico nobre, pois a adequada cicatrização uterina poderá evitar as nefastas conseqüências da ruptura uterina, para a mãe e concepto, em futura gestação e parto. Essa técnica de sutura, entretanto, não apresenta uniformidade plena na literatura. Os métodos subsidiários de avaliação do estado da cicatriz uterina também não têm se mostrado eficientes e práticos. Há preferência pela utilização de fios absorvíveis sintéticos, principalmente em função da menor reação tecidual que promovem. Não é consenso, mas prevalece a opinião de que um único plano com sutura contínua tem melhor relação custo/benefício. A técnica de histerorrafia na cesariana também poderá variar de acordo com o grau de urgência e volume de sangramento no momento do procedimento.

The hysteroraphy in the caesarean section constitutes a right time surgical procedure, as the adequate uterine cicatrization will prevent the uterine rupture undesirable effects for the mother and concepto, future gestation and childbirth. This suture technique, however, does not present full uniformity in literature. The subsidiary evaluation methods on the state of the uterine scar have not been shown efficient and practical. There is preference for the synthetic absorvible thread use, mainly in relation to the lesser tecidual reaction that is promoted. It is not a consensus, but the prevailing opinion is that there is better cost/benefit relation in an only plan with continuous suture. The technique of hysterorraphy in the cesarian section may also vary according to the urgency level and bleeding volume at the procedure time.

Gravidez ectópica não rota: diagnóstico e tratamento. Situação atual / Unruptured ectopic pregnancy: diagnosis and treatment. State of art

O diagnóstico não invasivo da gravidez ectópica deve ser realizado precocemente, antes de ocorrer a ruptura tubária, combinando a ultra-sonografia transvaginal com a dosagem da fração beta do hormônio gonadotrófico coriônico. Diversas opções de tratamento podem ser utilizadas. Devemos respeitar as indicações tanto das intervenções cirúrgicas como do tratamento clínico. A laparotomia está indicada nos casos de instabilidade hemodinâmica. A laparoscopia é a via preferencial para o tratamento da gravidez tubária. A salpingectomia deve ser realizada nas pacientes com prole constituída. A salpingostomia é indicada nas pacientes com desejo reprodutivo, quando os títulos da b-hCG forem inferiores a 5000 mUI/mL e as condições cirúrgicas forem favoráveis. O tratamento com metotrexato (MTX) é uma conduta consagrada, podendo ser indicado como primeira opção de tratamento. Os principais critérios para indicação do MTX são estabilidade hemodinâmica, b-hCG <5.000 mUI/mL, massa anexial <3,5 cm e ausência de embrião vivo. A dose única 50 mg/m² intramuscular é a preferencial por ser mais fácil, mais prática e com menores efeitos colaterais. O protocolo com múltiplas doses deve ficar restrito para os casos de localização atípica (intersticial, cervical, cicatriz de cesárea e ovariana) com valores de b-hCG >5.000 mUI/mL e ausência de embrião vivo. A indicação do tratamento local com injeção de MTX (1 mg/kg) guiada por ultra-sonografia transvaginal é na presença de embrião vivo nos casos de localização atípica. A conduta expectante deve ser indicada nos casos de declínio dos títulos da b-hCG em 48 horas antes do tratamento e quando os títulos iniciais são inferiores a 1.500 mUI/mL. Em relação ao futuro reprodutivo, existem controvérsias entre a salpingectomia e a salpingostomia. Até obtermos um consenso na literatura, orientamos às pacientes desejosas de uma futura gestação a optar pelas condutas conservadoras, tanto cirúrgicas como clínicas.

It is advisable to do the non-invasive diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy precociously, before there is the tube rupture, combining for that the transvaginal ultrasonography with the dosage of the b-fraction of the chorionic gonadotrophin. A range of treatment options may be used. Either a surgical intervention or a clinical treatment may be taken into consideration. Laparotomy is indicated in cases of hemodynamic instability. Laparoscopy is the preferential route for the treatment of tube pregnancy. Salpingectomy should be performed in patients having the desired number of children, while salpingostomy should be indicated in patients willing to have more children, when the b-hCG titers are under 5,000 mUI/mL and the surgical conditions are favorable. The use of methotrexate (MTX) is a consecrated clinical procedure and should be indicated as the first option of treatment. The main criteria for MTX indication are hemodynamic stability, b-hCG <5,000 mUI/mL, anexial mass <3,5 cm, and no alive embryo. It is preferable a single intramuscular dose of 50 mg/m², because it is easier, more practical and with less side effects. Protocol with multiple doses should be restricted for the cases with atypical localization (interstitial, cervical, caesarean section scar and ovarian) with values of b-hCG >5,000 mUI/mL and no alive embryo. Indication for local treatment with an injection of MTX (1 mg/kg) guided by transvaginal ultrasonography should occur in cases of alive embryos, but with an atypical localization. An expectant conduct should be indicated in cases of decrease in the b-hCG titers within 48 hous before the treatment, and when the initial titers are under 1,500 mUI/mL. There are controversies between salpingectomy and salpingostomy, concerning the reproductive future. Till we reach an agreement in the literature, the advice to patients who are looking forward to a future gestation, is to choose either surgical or clinical conservative conducts.

Increment in beta-hCG in the 48-h period prior to treatment: a new variable predictive of therapeutic success in the treatment of ectopic pregnancy with methotrexate.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the increment in beta-hCG levels (%) in the 48-h interval prior to treatment as a predictor of therapeutic success in the management of ectopic pregnancy with methotrexate. METHODS: A prospective observational study was carried out between April 2002 and November 2006 at the Federal University of São Paulo in 65 patients with an ectopic pregnancy treated with a single dose of 50 mg/m(2) of methotrexate administered intramuscularly. The following predictive factors were evaluated: beta-hCG level on the day of hospital admission and the percent increment in beta-hCG in the 48-h interval prior to treatment. RESULTS: Treatment was successful in 49 cases (75.4%). In these cases, beta-hCG levels at hospitalization were lower when compared to the levels found in cases of therapeutic failure (1,928.9 vs. 4,828.6 mIU/ml, respectively; P<0.01), and the increment in beta-hCG level in the 48-h interval prior to treatment was smaller (13.1 vs. 36.3%, respectively; P=0.01). A beta-hCG measurement

Alteração da matriz extracelular da cérvice uterina durante a gestação / Changes in the extracellular matrix of the uterine cervix during pregnancy

A matriz extracelular do colo uterino sofre importantes mudanças em sua composição no decorrer da gestação e principalmente no período peripartal. Tais mudanças são necessárias para transformar o colo uterino imaturo, uma estrutrura fibrosa, em um órgão complacente o bastante para a passagem do feto no trabalho de parto. Conhecer melhor todo o processo de amadurecimento cervical é de fundamental importância para obterem-se melhores resultados na indução do parto.